介绍Spark中的RDD

RDD

弹性分布式数据集代表可进行并行操作元素的不可变分区集合，下面是重要成员属性

• _sc: SparkContext。不会被序列化
• deps: Seq[Dependency[_]]当前RDD的依赖。不会被序列化
• dependencies_: 与deps含义一样。可以被序列化
• id: RDD的唯一标识。通过sc.newRddId()生成
• name: RDD的名称。不会被序列化
• partitions_: Array[Partition]RDD的所有分区。不会被序列化
• partitioner: 分区器。不会被序列化
• storageLevel: 存储级别
• creationSite: 创建此RDD的用户代码，通过sc.getCallSite()获得。不会被序列化
• scope: 创建此RDD的操作作用域。不会被序列化
• checkpointData: RDD检查点数据
• outputDeterministicLevel: RDD的compute输出的结果的确定性级别
  • DETERMINATE: RDD的输出始终是相同顺序的数据集
  • UNORDERED: RDD的输出始终是相同的数据集，但顺序不同
  • INDETERMINATE. RDD的输出始终可能不同

RDD应用了模板方法模式，抽象类RDD定义了以下接口，在子类中实现

• compute(): 用于对RDD的某个分区计算
• getPartitions(): 获取当前RDD的所有分区
• getDependencies()； 获取当前RDD的所有依赖
• getPreferredLocations(): 获得某一分区的偏好位置

抽象类RDD实现了以下模板方法

• partitions(): 优先从RDD检查点数据中获取分区，否则调用未实现的方法getPartitions()

  final def partitions: Array[Partition] = {
    checkpointRDD.map(_.partitions).getOrElse {
      if (partitions_ == null) {
        stateLock.synchronized {
          if (partitions_ == null) {
            partitions_ = getPartitions
            partitions_.zipWithIndex.foreach { case (partition, index) =>
              require(partition.index == index,
                      s"partitions($index).partition == ${partition.index}, but it should equal $index")
            }
          }
        }
      }
      partitions_
    }
  }
  

• preferredLocations(): 获得某一分区的偏好位置。优先从RDD检查点数据中获取偏好位置，否则调用子类中实现的getPreferredLocations()

  final def preferredLocations(split: Partition): Seq[String] = {
    checkpointRDD.map(_.getPreferredLocations(split)).getOrElse {
      getPreferredLocations(split)
    }
  }
  

• dependencies(): 优先从RDD检查点数据中获取依赖，否则为deps

  protected def getDependencies: Seq[Dependency[_]] = deps
  
  final def dependencies: Seq[Dependency[_]] = {
    checkpointRDD.map(r => List(new OneToOneDependency(r))).getOrElse {
      if (dependencies_ == null) {
        stateLock.synchronized {
          if (dependencies_ == null) {
            dependencies_ = getDependencies
          }
        }
      }
      dependencies_
    }
  }
  

• getNarrowAncestors(): 获取与当前RDD是窄依赖的所有祖先RDD。visit()用于获取当前RDD的所有窄依赖的父RDD，并且递归调用visit()获取所有窄依赖的祖先RDD并且去重，最后去除当前RDD。

  private[spark] def getNarrowAncestors: Seq[RDD[_]] = {
      val ancestors = new mutable.HashSet[RDD[_]]
  
      def visit(rdd: RDD[_]): Unit = {
          val narrowDependencies = rdd.dependencies.filter(_.isInstanceOf[NarrowDependency[_]])
          val narrowParents = narrowDependencies.map(_.rdd)
          val narrowParentsNotVisited = narrowParents.filterNot(ancestors.contains)
          narrowParentsNotVisited.foreach { parent =>
              ancestors.add(parent)
              visit(parent)
          }
      }
  
      visit(this)
  
      // In case there is a cycle, do not include the root itself
      ancestors.filterNot(_ == this).toSeq
  }
  

• isBarrier(): 是否使用了屏障调度，即一个stage的所有task是否必须同时启动

Dependency

表示RDD间的依赖关系，抽象类Dependency是个泛型类，只有rdd()这一个未实现的方法。有以下继承关系

• NarrowDependency：窄依赖，定义了抽象的getParents()方法用于获取子partition对应的父partition，定义了构造器传入一个RDD

  • OneToOneDependency：父RDD与子RDD的partition是一一对应的关系。所以实现的getParents()方法为直接返回输入的partitionId

  • RangeDependency：如下图所示，父RDD与子RDD的一定范围内的partition是一一对应的关系。所以构造器传入了父RDD及与子RDD的partition对应范围的特征值，并且实现了getParents()方法

    

• ShuffleDependency：宽依赖。ShuffleDependency在构造的过程中还将自己注册到SparkContext的ContextCleaner中。有以下重要的成员属性

  • _rdd: RDD[_ <: Product2[K, V]]类型，即数据集中的类型必须是Product2[K, V]及其子类，代表必须是键值对类型的RDD
  • keyOrdering: Option[Ordering[K]]对key进行排序的排序器
  • aggregator: 对map任务的输出数据进行聚合的聚合器
  • mapSideCombine: 是否在map端进行合并，默认为false
  • shuffleHandle: ShuffleHandle

  @DeveloperApi
  abstract class Dependency[T] extends Serializable {
    def rdd: RDD[T]
  }
  
  @DeveloperApi
  abstract class NarrowDependency[T](_rdd: RDD[T]) extends Dependency[T] {
    def getParents(partitionId: Int): Seq[Int]
  
    override def rdd: RDD[T] = _rdd
  }
  
  @DeveloperApi
  class OneToOneDependency[T](rdd: RDD[T]) extends NarrowDependency[T](rdd) {
    override def getParents(partitionId: Int): List[Int] = List(partitionId)
  }
  
  @DeveloperApi
  class RangeDependency[T](rdd: RDD[T], inStart: Int, outStart: Int, length: Int)
    extends NarrowDependency[T](rdd) {
  
    override def getParents(partitionId: Int): List[Int] = {
      if (partitionId >= outStart && partitionId < outStart + length) {
        List(partitionId - outStart + inStart)
      } else {
        Nil
      }
    }
  }
  
  @DeveloperApi
  class ShuffleDependency[K: ClassTag, V: ClassTag, C: ClassTag](
      @transient private val _rdd: RDD[_ <: Product2[K, V]],
      val partitioner: Partitioner,
      val serializer: Serializer = SparkEnv.get.serializer,
      val keyOrdering: Option[Ordering[K]] = None,
      val aggregator: Option[Aggregator[K, V, C]] = None,
      val mapSideCombine: Boolean = false)
    extends Dependency[Product2[K, V]] {
  
    if (mapSideCombine) {
      require(aggregator.isDefined, "Map-side combine without Aggregator specified!")
    }
    override def rdd: RDD[Product2[K, V]] = _rdd.asInstanceOf[RDD[Product2[K, V]]]
  
    private[spark] val keyClassName: String = reflect.classTag[K].runtimeClass.getName
    private[spark] val valueClassName: String = reflect.classTag[V].runtimeClass.getName
    // Note: It's possible that the combiner class tag is null, if the combineByKey
    // methods in PairRDDFunctions are used instead of combineByKeyWithClassTag.
    private[spark] val combinerClassName: Option[String] =
      Option(reflect.classTag[C]).map(_.runtimeClass.getName)
  
    val shuffleId: Int = _rdd.context.newShuffleId()
  
    val shuffleHandle: ShuffleHandle = _rdd.context.env.shuffleManager.registerShuffle(
      shuffleId, _rdd.partitions.length, this)
  
    _rdd.sparkContext.cleaner.foreach(_.registerShuffleForCleanup(this))
  }
  

Partitioner

规定了键值对类型RDD的分区规则。抽象类Partitioner中定义了未实现的numPartitions()和getPartition()。其中getPartition()表示将本RDD的key映射成子RDD的从0到numPartitions-1这一范围中的某一个partition。如图所示，Partitioner的继承体系

HashPartitioner

HashPartitioner对key的hashCode()和numPartitions进行取模计算出对应的partition ID，如果余数小于0则用numPartitions+余数作为partition ID。所以HashPartitioner不是一个均匀的分区器，可能导致数据倾斜，并且经过分区后父子RDD间的依赖关系为宽依赖

// Utils.scala
def nonNegativeMod(x: Int, mod: Int): Int = {
  val rawMod = x % mod
  rawMod + (if (rawMod < 0) mod else 0)
}

class HashPartitioner(partitions: Int) extends Partitioner {
  require(partitions >= 0, s"Number of partitions ($partitions) cannot be negative.")

  def numPartitions: Int = partitions

  def getPartition(key: Any): Int = key match {
    case null => 0
    case _ => Utils.nonNegativeMod(key.hashCode, numPartitions)
  }

  override def equals(other: Any): Boolean = other match {
    case h: HashPartitioner =>
      h.numPartitions == numPartitions
    case _ =>
      false
  }

  override def hashCode: Int = numPartitions
}

RangePartitioner

RangePartitioner将一定范围内的key映射到某一个partition内。partition与partition间是有序的，但partition内的元素不一定是有序的。具体使用到了水塘抽样，Leetcode上有类似的题目

如代码所示初始化rangeBounds序列的过程，rangeBounds保存了key和partition id的映射关系

• 取样大小sampleSize为 20*partition个数，最大不超过1000000
• 单个分区的取样大小sampleSizePerPartition为 3*sampleSize/partition个数
• sketch()方法对RDD的每个partition进行根据sampleSizePerPartition进行水塘采样，在此方法中的SamplingUtils.reservoirSampleAndCount()实现了水塘抽样
• 由于partition中数据量各不相同，所以大partition的采样量是不足的。如果partition中的数据比平均值还要大则记录partition id之后使用RDD.sample()方法进行重采样，否则记录采样key和权重(当前partition的总数据量/采样量即采样间隔)
• 调用determineBounds()方法根据采样key的权重解析出partition的划分界限

def sketch[K : ClassTag](
  rdd: RDD[K],
  sampleSizePerPartition: Int): (Long, Array[(Int, Long, Array[K])]) = {
  val shift = rdd.id
  // val classTagK = classTag[K] // to avoid serializing the entire partitioner object
  val sketched = rdd.mapPartitionsWithIndex { (idx, iter) =>
    val seed = byteswap32(idx ^ (shift << 16))
    val (sample, n) = SamplingUtils.reservoirSampleAndCount(
      iter, sampleSizePerPartition, seed)
    Iterator((idx, n, sample))
  }.collect()
  val numItems = sketched.map(_._2).sum
  (numItems, sketched)
}

def determineBounds[K : Ordering : ClassTag](
  candidates: ArrayBuffer[(K, Float)],
  partitions: Int): Array[K] = {
  val ordering = implicitly[Ordering[K]]
  val ordered = candidates.sortBy(_._1)
  val numCandidates = ordered.size
  val sumWeights = ordered.map(_._2.toDouble).sum
  val step = sumWeights / partitions
  var cumWeight = 0.0
  var target = step
  val bounds = ArrayBuffer.empty[K]
  var i = 0
  var j = 0
  var previousBound = Option.empty[K]
  while ((i < numCandidates) && (j < partitions - 1)) {
    val (key, weight) = ordered(i)
    cumWeight += weight
    if (cumWeight >= target) {
      // Skip duplicate values.
      if (previousBound.isEmpty || ordering.gt(key, previousBound.get)) {
        bounds += key
        target += step
        j += 1
        previousBound = Some(key)
      }
    }
    i += 1
  }
  bounds.toArray
}

private var rangeBounds: Array[K] = {
  if (partitions <= 1) {
    Array.empty
  } else {
    // This is the sample size we need to have roughly balanced output partitions, capped at 1M.
    // Cast to double to avoid overflowing ints or longs
    val sampleSize = math.min(samplePointsPerPartitionHint.toDouble * partitions, 1e6)
    // Assume the input partitions are roughly balanced and over-sample a little bit.
    val sampleSizePerPartition = math.ceil(3.0 * sampleSize / rdd.partitions.length).toInt
    val (numItems, sketched) = RangePartitioner.sketch(rdd.map(_._1), sampleSizePerPartition)
    if (numItems == 0L) {
      Array.empty
    } else {
      // If a partition contains much more than the average number of items, we re-sample from it
      // to ensure that enough items are collected from that partition.
      val fraction = math.min(sampleSize / math.max(numItems, 1L), 1.0)
      val candidates = ArrayBuffer.empty[(K, Float)]
      val imbalancedPartitions = mutable.Set.empty[Int]
      sketched.foreach { case (idx, n, sample) =>
        if (fraction * n > sampleSizePerPartition) {
          imbalancedPartitions += idx
        } else {
          // The weight is 1 over the sampling probability.
          val weight = (n.toDouble / sample.length).toFloat
          for (key <- sample) {
            candidates += ((key, weight))
          }
        }
      }
      if (imbalancedPartitions.nonEmpty) {
        // Re-sample imbalanced partitions with the desired sampling probability.
        val imbalanced = new PartitionPruningRDD(rdd.map(_._1), imbalancedPartitions.contains)
        val seed = byteswap32(-rdd.id - 1)
        val reSampled = imbalanced.sample(withReplacement = false, fraction, seed).collect()
        val weight = (1.0 / fraction).toFloat
        candidates ++= reSampled.map(x => (x, weight))
      }
      RangePartitioner.determineBounds(candidates, math.min(partitions, candidates.size))
    }
  }
}

如代码所示getPartition()方法。如果初始化后的rangeBounds长度小于128，则用顺序查找否则使用二分查找，找到当前key应在的partition。

def getPartition(key: Any): Int = {
  val k = key.asInstanceOf[K]
  var partition = 0
  if (rangeBounds.length <= 128) {
    // If we have less than 128 partitions naive search
    while (partition < rangeBounds.length && ordering.gt(k, rangeBounds(partition))) {
      partition += 1
    }
  } else {
    // Determine which binary search method to use only once.
    partition = binarySearch(rangeBounds, k)
    // binarySearch either returns the match location or -[insertion point]-1
    if (partition < 0) {
      partition = -partition-1
    }
    if (partition > rangeBounds.length) {
      partition = rangeBounds.length
    }
  }
  if (ascending) {
    partition
  } else {
    rangeBounds.length - partition
  }
}

RDDInfo

用于描述RDD的信息。有以下成员属性用于描述信息

• id
• name

• numPartitions: 分区数量

• storageLevel: 存储级别
• parentIds: 父RDD的id序列。这说明一个RDD会有零到多个父RDD
• callSite: RDD的用户调用栈信息
• scope: RDD的操作范围
• numCachedPartitions：缓存的分区数量。
• memSize：使用的内存大小
• diskSize：使用的磁盘大小
• externalBlockStoreSize: block存储在外部的大小

有以下成员方法

• isCached(): 是否缓存，如果占用了内存或磁盘同时占用了外部存储空间即判定为缓存了。(memSize + diskSize > 0) && numCachedPartitions > 0

• fromRdd(): 伴生对象中定义的静态方法。从RDD构造RDDInfo

  def fromRdd(rdd: RDD[_]): RDDInfo = {
    val rddName = Option(rdd.name).getOrElse(Utils.getFormattedClassName(rdd))
    val parentIds = rdd.dependencies.map(_.rdd.id)
    val callsiteLongForm = Option(SparkEnv.get)
    .map(_.conf.get(EVENT_LOG_CALLSITE_LONG_FORM))
    .getOrElse(false)
  
    val callSite = if (callsiteLongForm) {
      rdd.creationSite.longForm
    } else {
      rdd.creationSite.shortForm
    }
    new RDDInfo(rdd.id, rddName, rdd.partitions.length,
                rdd.getStorageLevel, parentIds, callSite, rdd.scope)
  }
  

REFERENCE

1. Spark内核设计的艺术：架构设计与实现